S.E. Australia & Tasmania. Broadly columnar, evergreen. Cream flowers in spring. Best growth in moist gullies and with side shade. Frost damage in cold valley bottoms. Dark brown timber for cabinets and turnery.

Broadly columnar, deciduous. Vigorous grower. Similar in all characteristics to the green leaf form. The purple colour under the leaf adds variety. White hardwood joinery timber.

West North America. Broadly conical deciduous. Vigorous growth on hillsides as well as stream sides. Produces good hardwood timber for furniture and panelling. Planted for shelter. Red winter buds identify this alder.

Europe and N. Asia. Narrowly weeping, deciduous. Bark white, developing dark, rugged cracks at the base with age. Tough, vigorous pioneer species. Yellow autumn colour can be spoilt by birch rust in some seasons. Yields hard white timber.